Chapter 4 Review Questions | Milady's Standard Professional Barbering |

  1. What are bacteria? Bacteria are one-celled (unicellular) microorganisms that exist almost everywhere: on the skin; in water, air, and decayed matter; and in bodily secretions.
  2. Name and describe the two main types of bacteria. Nonpathogenic bacteria make up the majority of bacteria.  Pathogenic bacteria, although in the minority, are harmful and can cause considerable damage by invading plant or human tissues.
  3. Name and describe three forms of pathogenic bacteria. 
Cocci are round shaped organisms that appear singly or in the following groups (Staphylococci, Streptococci, and Diplococci)
Bacilli are short, rod-shaped organisms. They are the most common bacteria
Spirilla are curved or corkscrew-shaped organisms. 

  1. How do bacteria move about? Different bacteria move in different ways. Cocci rarely show active motility (self-movement). They may be transmitted in the air, in dust, or within the substance in which they settle. Bacilli and spirilla are both motile and use hair-like projections, known as flagella or cilia, to move about. A whip-like motion of these hairs propels the bacteria through liquids. 
  2. How do bacteria multiply? Generally, microorganisms multiply best in warm, dark, damp, dirty places where sufficient food is present. As food is absorbed, bacterial cells grow until their maximum growth is reached. The cells then divide through a method called binary fission into two new cells. This process is called mitosis.
  3. Describe the active and inactive stages of bacteria? During the active or vegetative stage, bacteria grow and reproduce. During the inactive stage, bacteria do not grow or reproduce.
  4. Identify a type of pathogenic bacteria that is capable of forming protective spores. Anthrax and tetanus bacilli, are spore-forming bacteria and may survive the inactive stage by forming spherical spores that have tough outer coverings to withstand periods of famine, dryness, or unstable temperatures.
  5. Name the most common pus-forming human bacteria. Staphylococci are among the most common pus-forming human bacteria and are carried by approximately one-third of the population.
  6. Identify the type of bacteria that causes MRSA. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus
  7. Why might an MRSA infection be difficult to cure? Antibiotics once controlled these bacteria, but certain strains of staph have become highly resistant to the drugs, making it difficult to cure infections.
  8. What is the difference between a local infection and general infection? A local infection is indicated by a lesion containing pus and usually appears in a particular area of the body. A general infection results when the bloodstream carries the bacteria and their toxins to all parts of the body, as in blood poisoning or syphilis.
  9. What is a contagious or communicable disease? When a disease spreads from one person to another by contact, it is considered to be contagious, or communicable.
  10. How might bloodborne pathogens be transmitted during barbering services? Blood-to-blood contact might occur if you accidentally cut a client who is HIV-positive or infected with hepatitis, continue to use the implement without disinfecting it, and then puncture your skin or cut another client with the contaminated tool. Similarly, if you are shaving a client’s face or neck with a razor or clipper blades, body fluids can be picked up from a blemish or open sore, making transmission possible.
  11. Why is hepatitis more easily contracted than HIV? Hepatitis is more easily contracted than HIV because it is present in all body fluids.
  12. Identify the virus that causes AIDS. Define AIDS. HIV is the virus that causes AIDS. AIDS is the onset of life-threatening illnesses that compromise the immune system as a result of HIV infection and disease.
  13. Name two types of parasites and the conditions they cause. Plant parasites or fungi, such as molds, mildews, rust, and yeast, can produce contagious skin diseases such as ringworm or favus. Animal parasites are also responsible for contagious diseases and conditions. Itch mites can burrow under the skin causing itching and inflammation known as scabies. Pediculosis is the technical term for an infestation caused by the head or body louse.
  14. What is the definition of natural immunity? Acquired immunity? Natural immunity is the natural resistance of disease that is partially inherited and partially developed through hygienic living. Acquired immunity is developed after the body has overcome a disease or through inoculations such as vaccinations.
  15. List the methods that can be used to destroy bacteria. Bacteria may be destroyed through the use of chemical disinfectants; intense heat such as boiling, steaming, baking, or burning; and ultraviolet light. 

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