Chapter 7 Review Questions | Milady's Standard Professional Barbering |

  1. Define anatomy, physiology, and histology. 
  • Anatomy is the study of the shape and structure of an organism’s body and the relationship of one body part to another.
  • Physiology studies the mechanical, physical, and biochemical functions and activities of each body part and the way in which these actions coordinate or interact to form a complete living organism.
  • Histology is the microscopic study of the structure of the various tissues and organs that make up the entire body of an organism.
  1. Identify the anatomical parts of the body that barbers are most concerned with. Head, face, neck, and hands.
  2. What is a cell? Cells are the basic units of structure and function of all living things, and such, are responsible for carrying on all life processes within an organism.
  3. Define mitosis. Mitosis is cells dividing into two new cells
  4. Explain the two phases of cell metabolism. 
  • Anabolism is constructive metabolism that builds up cellular tissues.
  • Catabolism is the metabolic phase that involves the breaking down of complex compounds within cells into smaller ones.
  1. Describe the composition of body tissues. Tissues are composed of groups of cells that are similar in shape, size, structure, and function.
  2. What is an organ? Organs are structures containing two or more different tissues that are combined to accomplish a specific function.
  3. List eight important organs of the body and their functions. 
  • Brain - Controls the body
  • Eyes - Control vision
  • Heart - Circulates the blood
  • Kidneys - Excrete water and other waste
  • Lungs - Supply oxygen to the blood
  • Liver - Removes toxic products of digestion
  • Skin - Forms the external protective covering of the body
  • Stomach and Intestines - Digest food 
  1. What are systems? Systems are groups of organs that act together to perform one or more functions within the body.
  2. Name 11 body systems and their main functions. 
  • Circulatory - Controls the steady circulation of the blood through the body by means of the heart and blood vessels
  • Digestive - Changes food into nutrients and waste
  • Endocrine - Affects the growth, development, sexual activities, and health of the entire body
  • Excretory - Purifies the body by the elimination of waste matter
  • Integumentary - Serves as a protective covering and helps in regulating the body’s temperature
  • Lymphatic/immune - Works to protect the body from disease
  • Muscular - Covers, shapes, and supports the skeletal tissue
  • Nervous - Controls and coordinates all of the other systems and makes them work harmoniously and efficiently
  • Reproductive - Responsible for process by which humans produce offspring
  • Respiratory - Enables breathing, supplying the body with oxygen, and eliminating carbon dioxide as a waste product
  • Skeletal - Physical foundation of the body
  1. List the primary functions of the skeletal system. 
  • Give shape and support to the body
  • Protect various internal structures and organs
  • Serve as attachments for muscles and act as levers to produce body movement
  • Produce red and white blood cells in the red marrow of the bone
  • Store minerals such as calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, and sodium
  1. Name the two parts of the skull and the number of bones in each. Cranium (8) and Facial (14).
  2. List the bones of the cranium.
  • Occipital
  • Parietal (2)
  • Frontal
  • Temporal (2)
  • Ethmoid
  • Sphenoid
  1. Identify the bone that joins all cranial bones together. The sphenoid bone joins all of the bones of the cranium together
  2. List the facial bones with their locations and functions. 
  • Nasal bones (2) form the bridge of the nose
  • Lacrimal bones (2) are small, fragile bones located at the front part of the inner wall of the eye sockets
  • Zygomatic/Malar bones (2) form the prominence of the cheeks
  • Maxillary bone (2) are the upper jawbones that join to form the whole upper jaw
  • Mandible bone is the largest and strongest bone of the face: forms the lower jaw
  • Turbinal bone (2) thin layers of spongy bone situated on the outer walls of the nasal depression
  • Vomer is a single bone that forms part of the dividing wall of the nose
  • Palatine bones (2) form the floor and outer wall of the nose, the roof of the mouth, and the floor of the eye socket.
  1. Where is the hyoid bone located? A U-shaped bone located in the front part of the throat.
  2. Describe the function and composition of muscles. The muscular system covers, shapes, and supports the skeleton, and its function is to help produce movement within the body. The muscular system consists of over 600 large and small muscles that comprise 40 to 50 percent of the body’s weight. Muscles are composed of contractile, fibrous tissues that stretch and contract to facilitate the action of various body movements.
  3. List and describe the parts of the muscle. 
  • Origin - refers to the more fixed attachment, such as the ends of muscles attached to bones or other muscles.
  • Insertion - refers to the more movable attachment, such as the ends of the muscles attached to other movable muscles, tyo movable bones, or to the skin.
  • Belly - the middle part of the muscle between the origin and the insertion
  1. List the ways in which muscles may be stimulated. 
  • Massage
  • Electric current
  • Light rays
  • Heat rays
  • Moist heat
  • Nerve impulses
  • Chemicals 
  1. List the scalp, facial, and neck muscles with their locations and functions.
  • Scalp
  • Epicranius - broad muscle consisting of the occipitalis and frontalis that covers the top of the skull
  • Face
  • Occipitalis - the muscle at the back part of the epicranius that draws the scalp backward
  • Frontalis - the front portion of the epicranius that draws the scalp forward and causes wrinkles across the forehead.
  • Aponeurosis - a tendon that connects the occipitalis and the frontalis
  • Eyebrows
  • Orbicularis - a muscle that completely surrounds the margin of the eye socket and closes the eyelid
  • Corrugator - is the muscle beneath the frontalis and orbicularis oculi that draws the eyebrows down and in, producing vertical lines and causing frowning
  • Nose
  • Procerus - Covers the top of the nose, depresses the eyebrow, and causes wrinkles across the bridge of the nose.
  • Mouth
  • Levator labii superioris - also known as quadratus labii superioris, is a muscle surrounding the upper lip that elevates the upper lip and dilates the nostrils
  • Depressor labii inferioris - a muscle that surrounds the lower part of the lip, depressing the lower lip and drawing it a little to one side
  • Buccinator - the muscle between the upper and lower jaws that compresses the cheeks and expels air between the lips
  • Levator anguli oris - raises the angle of the mouth and draws it inward
  • Mentalis - a muscle situated at the tip of the chin that raises and pushes up the lower lip, wrinkling the chin
  • Orbicularis oris - forms a flat band around the upper and lower lips to compress, contract, pucker, and wrinkle the lips
  • Risorius - extends from the masseter muscle to the angle of the mouth and draws the corner of the mouth out and back
  • Zygomaticus - extends from the zygomatic bone to the angle of the mouth and elevates the lip
  • Triangularis - extends along the side of the chin and draws down the corner of the mouth
  • Ear
  • Auricularis superior - a muscle above the ear that draws the ear upward
  • Auricularis posterior - a muscle behind the ear that draws the ear backward
  • Auricularis anterior - a muscle behind the ear that draws the ear forward
  • Mastication
  • Masseter - muscles that coordinate in opening and closing the mouth and are sometimes referred to as chewing muscles
  • Neck
  • Platysma - a broad muscle extending from the chest and shoulder muscles to the side of the chin and is responsible for depressing the lower jaw and lip
  • Sternocleidomastoideus - the muscle extending from the collar and chest bones to the temporal bone in back of the ear; this muscle bends and rotates the head
  • Trapezius - allows movement of the shoulders and covers the back of the neck
  1. List and describe the functions of the three main divisions of the nervous system.
  • Central Nervous System (CNS), consists of the brain, cranial nerves, spinal cord, and spinal nerves. It controls consciousness and all mental activities, the voluntary functions of the five senses, and voluntary muscle actions including all body movements and facial expressions.
  • Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) is made up of sensory and motor nerve fibers that extend from the brain and spinal cord to all parts of the body. Their function is to carry impulses, or messages, to and from the central nervous system
  • Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) is related structurally to the central nervous system, but its functions are independent of human will. This system is important in the operation of internal body functions such as breathing, circulation, digestion, and granular activities. Its main purpose is to regulate these internal operations to keep them in balance and working properly.
  1. List and describe three types of nerves found in the human body.
  • Sensory nerves - (afferent) carry impulses or messages from sense organs to the brain, where sensations of touch, cold, heat, sight, hearing, taste, smell and pain are experienced
  • Motor nerves - (efferent) transmit impulses from the brain to the muscles to produce movement
  • Mixed nerves - contain both sensory and motor fibers and have the ability to send and receive messages
  1. List the ways in which nerves may be stimulated.
  • Chemicals, such as certain salts or acids
  • Massage with the hands, a massage tool, or an electric massager
  • Electric current such as Tesla high-frequency current
  • Light rays
  • Heat rays
  • Moist heat, such as warm steam towels
  1. Give an example of a nerve reflex. The quick removal of the hand from a hot object.
  2. Name the cranial nerves most important in massage services and their functions. 
  • Fifth - chief sensory nerve of the face and also serves as the motor nerve of the muscles that control chewing
  • Seventh - chief motor nerve of the face. Controls all the muscles used for facial expression.
  • Eleventh - accessory nerve. Affects the muscles of the neck and back.
  • Cervical - Originate at the spinal cord. Their branches supply the muscles and scalp at the back of the head and neck.
  1.  Identify the two divisions of the circulatory system. Blood vascular system and lymph vascular system
  2. What is the function of the heart? What does it look like? Keeps the blood moving within the circulatory system. About the size of a closed fist.
  3. List three kinds of vessels found in the blood-vascular system? 
  • Arteries
  • Capillaries
  • Veins
  1. What is the composition of blood? The blood is composed of about one-third red and white corpuscles (cells) and blood platelets, and two-thirds plasma.
  2. Explain the functions of red blood cells and white blood cells.
  • Red Blood cells carry oxygen to the body cells
  • White blood cells protect the body against disease by fighting harmful bacteria and their toxins
  1. Identify and describe the two main types of glands in the human body. 
  • Exocrine (duct glands) - possess canals that lead from the gland to a particular part of the body. Sweat and oil glands of the skin and intestinal glands belong to this group.
  • Endocrine (ductless glands) - release secretions called hormones directly into the bloodstream. This influences the welfare of the entire body since hormones such as insulin, adrenaline, and estrogen stimulate functional activity or secretion in other parts of the body.
  1. List the five important organs of the excretory system. 
  • Kidneys
  • Liver
  • Skin
  • Large intestine
  • Lungs
  1. Describe a respiratory cycle. During inhalation the chest expands and the diaphragm is pulled down, causing the lungs to draw in air for oxygen absorption into the blood. The chest contracts and draws the diaphragm up to force the expulsion of carbon dioxide from the lungs.
  2. What structures are included in the integumentary system.

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